Children are among the most affected by the digital revolution. For them, exposure to screens has become a daily component from a very young age. This article examines the effects of this overexposure on their cognitive and social development.

Understanding screen exposure

Screen exposure encompasses the use of any digital device such as televisions, computers, tablets, and smartphones. Children today are increasingly confronted with these devices. This situation raises concerns about their impacts on development and well-being.

Definition and different types of screens

Screen exposure refers to the time spent in front of digital devices. This practice has become common from an early age and raises questions about its impacts on children’s development. There are inquiries to evaluate the associations between the use of digital media and lower developmental scores.

Statistics on children’s screen exposure

A study published on Wednesday, April 12, 2023 by Santé publique France, conducted with more than 18,000 children, reveals that 2-year-olds spend nearly an hour a day in front of a screen, with screen consumption increasing as they grow older.

Screens and their effects on children’s development

Cognitive development

Research shows that screen exposure can influence children’s cognitive development in varied ways. A study by Bahia Guellai et al. (2022) reveals that the effects largely depend on the viewing context, including adult behavior and the content watched REF[^1^]. Attention, memory, and problem-solving skills are the most affected.

Language development

The study by Taigan L. Macgowan and L. Schmidt (2020) reveals associations between screen time and varied outcomes depending on gender, indicating a potential influence on the social and cognitive development of preschool-aged children REF[^2^]. After certain research, the results suggest that the harmful effects of this everyday overexposure to screens include delays in language acquisition and communication skills.

Long-term effects

Overexposure to screens during childhood can have long-term effects. There are increased risks of attentional disorders and poorer academic performance. The consequences for mental and physical health are not negligible. The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt children’s sleep. It is therefore necessary to limit the use of digital media before bedtime.

Early desocialization

Excessive screen exposure is associated with early desocialization. This situation will impact social interactions and the emotional development of children. Digital devices can limit opportunities for face-to-face interactions. Indeed, the latter are essential for socio-emotional development.

Specific case: the television on during family meals

Does the television being on during family meals affect children?

Television during family meals can reduce the amount of interaction between parents and children. Verbal and non-verbal exchanges among family members will then be limited. Children’s socialization and early language development will also be compromised. Family bonds are weakened.

An increasingly prominent place for the television set

A study shows a negative relationship between time spent watching television during family meals and an impact on cognitive development in early childhood. However, this exposure to that device is not limited to mealtimes. It extends to different times of the day, as it is one of the devices most accessible to the youngest.

Research and studies on screen exposure

Key figures and available studies

A study conducted in Chandigarh, India, found that 59.5% of children aged 2 to 5 had excessive screen time, exceeding the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics REF[^3^].

Results of key studies and French research

Research shows correlations between screen time and various aspects of children’s development and well-being. This highlights the importance of moderating screen exposure from an early age. Studies specific to national contexts such as France continue to explore the cultural and social impact of screen exposure on children.

Management and recommendations for children’s screen exposure

Parents should establish clear rules regarding screen time. This will be an opportunity for them to encourage enriching alternative activities. They should also choose age-appropriate and beneficial content for their children’s development. Adults play an essential role in moderating screen exposure by serving as role models and by establishing daily routines that limit screen time.

Recommendations for children’s exposure time by age group

0-3 years

  • No screens.

3-6 years

  • Very limited screen use.
  • Avoid if possible.

6-9 years

  • One hour of screen time per day max.
  • For educational purposes.
  • Adult present.

9-12 years

  • Educational content without internet.
  • Adult nearby.

12-16 years

  • Internet with control.
  • Adult supervises.

16-18 years

  • More freedom on the internet.
  • Educational use.
  • Adult supervision recommended.

Recommendations also include careful selection of content. Engaging children in varied activities to support their physical, cognitive, and social development is paramount. 

Strategies for parents

Families can establish “screen-free zones” at home and times dedicated to off-screen leisure to encourage physical play and social interactions. Activities such as reading, board games, and outdoor activities can be beneficial alternatives to time spent in front of screens.  Families can create a healthy environment by setting clear and consistent rules on screen use. Open discussions about digital content are to be encouraged. Parents can use timers or resort to control apps and screen time management applications.

Balancing benefits and drawbacks

Choosing educational and interactive programs can help maximize the benefits of screen time. This type of content aids learning and development. Finding a balance requires a thoughtful approach that recognizes both the educational potential and the risks associated with exposure to digital devices. The most important thing is to maximize benefits while minimizing negative effects.

In conclusion

Screen exposure in children is a complex subject that requires particular attention. Research indicates that, under certain conditions, screen exposure can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on cognitive and social development. It is therefore advisable to adopt a balanced approach. For this, it is crucial to take into account evidence-based recommendations, but also to favor diversified activities for the overall development and well-being of young children.

Disclaimer

This article is based on scientific studies available up to the date of writing. Research in this field is constantly evolving, and it is recommended to consult current sources for the most recent information.

References

REF[^1^]. Guellai, B., Somogyi, E., Esseily, R., & Chopin, A. (2022). Effects of screen exposure on young children’s cognitive development: A review. Frontiers in Psychology. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370 ↩

REF[^2^]. Macgowan, T. L., & Schmidt, L. (2020). Preschoolers’ Social Cognitive Development in the Age of Screen Time Ubiquity. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0093 ↩

REF[^3^]. Birken, C., Maguire, J., Mekky, M., Manlhiot, C., Beck, C., Jacobson, S., Peer, M., Taylor, C., McCrindle, B., & Parkin, P. (2011). Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: a TARGet Kids! study. Public Health Nutrition. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000516 ↩